A Look Into Advanced Maternal Age Pregnancies - 1370 Words

A Necessary Timeline? A Look into Advanced Maternal Age Pregnancies Krystie Johnson, SRN Unitek College â€Å"Children learn more from what you are than what you teach,† W.E.B DuBois. If this statement is true, then one could say that becoming pregnant and starting a family later in life would be beneficial to the growth of a child. A woman over 35 would have lived more, had more life experience, and in most cases, be a more mature, stable person. However, society and medical books would say differently. As so many remind those creeping up on thirty who are childless about their â€Å"ticking biological clock†, we fight as a society to what is the norm and what is the best for our lives. So, what is a biological clock, and†¦show more content†¦Within society there are many issues that are considered when one looks at maternal ages. To start, socio-economic, educational, and emotional are just a few factors that come into play. As an observer, I have seen every one of the above examples and the coordinating maternal ages. In seeing my mother, who became pregnant at sixteen, after dropping out of high school and then in the opposition, her sister, who graduated from college, waited until thirty-two to have her first child, and had her last at forty. During the years my mother was raising children she was growing up herself, all the while my aunt was traveling overseas, building a career, and establishing her life. The two examples had starkly different educational experiences and their maternal ages varied as well. Additionally, while my mother had four pregnancies with limited complications, my aunt had six, and many complications as her age advanced. As supported within research it is stated of the upcoming generation, â€Å"Millennials appear to exhibit a lag in adopting the activity patterns of predecessor generations due to delayed lifecycle milestones (e.g. completing their education, getting jobs, marrying, and having children) and lingeringShow MoreRelatedGestational Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper1541 Words   |  7 PagesSociet y looks at Pregnancy as an amazing and exciting time for women and their families. However women diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus can experience an increased amount of stressors not only physical but, emotionally and socially. Physically GDM causes increased blood sugar levels which can have dangerous and harmful effects on both mother and infant. New to be mothers can have a hard time understanding and coping with their pregnancy and condition if not supported correctly by healthcareRead MorePostpartum Depression : A Type Of Depression2258 Words   |  10 Pagesreview the literature on postpartum depression and how it relates to John Bowlby’s theory of attachment. Bowlby’s theory focuses on the attachment being an innate and that mothers and infants need to stay close with one another (McLeod, 2007). As an advanced practice nurse, being able to understand, diagnose and treat women with postpartum depression is important as if diagnosed early, it is a ver y treatable illness with positive outcomes. Keywords: John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory, Postpartum DepressionRead MoreEducating Teen Mothers1488 Words   |  6 Pages(tooth decay) is the most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting 50% of all children. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major oral health problem, especially in lower income populations.   ECC refers to any tooth decay in children under the age of 5 years (71 months).   ECC is caused by a combination of microbial, dietary, and environmental factors; this paper will focus on microbial factors.   Risk factors for ECC include improper feeding practices, lack of parental education, and lack of accessRead MoreNicu Clinical Report : Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Doctors1884 Words   |  8 Pagesconditions have a high risk for many cognitive, neuromotor, and social-emotional issues. It is highly recommended to conduct a premature prompt developmental and therapeutic intervention minimizing neurodevelopmental risk. Over the years science has advanced the platforms of the NICU, increasing infant survival rate by the development of new machinery such as respirators, procedures, and daily physical therapy conducted by not just providing complex assignments of personalized care, but in addition toRead MoreThe Eugenics Is Split Into Two Different Categories Essay2181 Words   |  9 Pagesthrough a blind pregnancy. By going through a blind pregnancy, the individuals would not be aware if their child is impacted by any genetic condition until they have been brought into the world. Genetic testing and Prenatal screening and who it is available for Genetic testing and prenatal screening are methods that have been available in the world of medicine for a long period of time. The two types of testing are offered as an option for future mothers during their pregnancies to provide themRead MoreControversies in Childbirth Essay2181 Words   |  9 Pagesmore personal care for pregnant women. The problem with the current form of obstetrical care in the United States is the uncritical acceptance of an unscientific method: the routine use of interventionist obstetrics for healthy women with normal pregnancies in contrast to a midwifery model of care for pregnant women. Should the medical establishment and insurance companies accept midwifery, as a whole, for low-risk pregnant women? In order to answer this question one must examine the history of midwivesRead MoreSymptoms, Risks, And Treatments1936 Words   |  8 PagesImagine being midway through your pregnancy and still experiencing swelling your lower legs, constant weight gain and dull, throbbing migraine-like headaches that make it almost impossible to see anything. You can t stand the smell of your favorite perfume or even your favorite food; your still nauseous and occasionally end up vomiting. Walking up the steps to your house makes you out of breath, and the baby seems to be laying directly in your ribs so abdominal and back pain is a constant reminderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-Hispanic white children 30% more likely to have a diagnosis of ASD compared to black, non-Hispanic children, and 50% more likely compared to Hispanic children7. In addition, while the majority of parents have concerns before 36 months4, the median age of diagnosis is found to be 4 years6,7. While younger children may have symptoms of ASD, it is typically not recognized until they are older. This may be partly because although better screening tools allow clinicians to be more accurate and testRead MorePregnancy Long Case Is A 44 Year Old Woman Who Presents7320 Words   |  30 PagesPregnancy Long Case M.P is a 44 year old woman who presents at 39+5 gestation. Section 1 Task 1 Obstetric History Current Pregnancy History of Presenting Complaint Planned induction of labour on the 28/7/15 Gestational age of the fetus M.P’s first day of her last menstrual period (LMP) was the 20/11/2014. The estimated date of delivery (EDD) was determined using Naegele’s rule, which calculated EDD as the 27/8/15. This was refuted by an ultrasound at 8 weeks gestation to measure crown rump lengthRead MoreReflection: Childbirth and Vital Signs Essay2089 Words   |  9 Pagespostnatal period, using a reflective cycle as a guide. The author will firstly discuss reflection and its implications in midwifery practice. Teekman (2000) states reflecting on one’s professional practice as self-empowering as it provides us with a look into personal understanding and control. It is believed that if us as midwives are given the opportunity to reflect upon our professional practice, that this will aid us in enhancing our professional practice and enable us to become better practitioners

Disability Discrimination - 2657 Words

Disability Discrimination Act 1995 in the workplace and its effect on employment Introduction The act was introduced with the view to eliminate discrimination amongst disabled people in employment, throughout the assignment I will critically analyse the different areas of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and find out what effect they have had on disabled people in employment. Definition of disability A disabled person is someone who has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long term adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day to day activities (section 1 (1) DDA 1995). The disability discrimination act 1995 was introduced to outlaw discrimination against disabled employees in the UK and covers†¦show more content†¦By taking these steps the employer could be sure they have done all they can for the employee and safeguard themselves from any legal action as their dismissal would be justified. Disability related discrimination Section 3A(1) of the Disability Discrimination Act states that an employer discriminates against a disabled person if the discrimination is related to the persons disability or if the treatment they receive differs from the treatment of persons without a disability unless the employer can actually justify the less favourable treatment. In Jones v Post office (2001) Mr Jones worked as a driver for the postal service when he developed diabetes. After discovering his disability Mr Jones’s employers removed him from his driving duties for health and safety issues, as their policy was that any drivers receiving insulin treatment should not carry on in their existing role in case they suffered a hypo attack whilst driving. After reviewing their decision they allowed Mr Jones to return back to his driving duties limiting his driving hours to two hours in any twenty four. Mr Jones was unhappy at this decision and went to the Employment tribunal who accepted Mr Jones’s claim of disability discrimination on the basis that the limiting his driving hours was not justified. The tribunalShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Of Individuals With Disabilities1360 Words   |  6 Pages Discrimination of Individuals with Disabilities in the Nonprofit Sector E. Isabelle Barbancourt Florida Atlantic University Abstract Although the topic of discrimination has been covered in various settings, there is still a need to do more research on discrimination that affect people who have disabilities in order to effectively educate and prevent discrimination workplace settings. This research will explore the prevalence of discrimination in nonprofit organizations and organizational costsRead MoreDisability Discrimination In The Workplace1439 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years, the workplace has experienced several instances of discrimination. In attempt to stop the discrimination, Title VII was passed. Although Title VII helped employers in terms of race, color, gender, religion and national origin, those who had disabilities continued to face the frustration of disability barriers in the workplace, given disability was not one of the listed protected classes. Employers abstained from hiring the disabled in fear of them not being able to perform at theRead MoreComplaint Of Discrimination Based On Disability849 Words   |  4 PagesThis letter is written to respond to your complaint of discrimination based on disability that was received on August 20, 2014. Your complaint written on behalf of your mother who is a client of the Portland West Aging Services Program asserts that your mother has been discriminated against by her caseworker when her caseworker told you that your mother’s services would be different if she were not schizophrenic. Your mother’s Client Assessment and Planning System (CA/PS) assessment was completedRead MoreDisability Discrimination : Disabled People With Disabilities1686 Words   |  7 PagesFaris English IV 16 May 2017 Disability Discrimination In 2010, 19% of the U.S. population had a disability (â€Å"Nearly 1 in 5 People Have a Disability in the U.S., Census Bureau Reports†) and there is no doubt that today, in 2017, that number has increased. The first act that protected the civil rights of people with disabilities was not passed until 1973 (â€Å"What U.S. federal legislation protects the rights of students with disabilities?†). In 2015, there were 26,968 disability cases received by the EEOCRead MoreThe Discrimination Of People With Disabilities Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesOne big issue is the discrimination of people with disabilities. Abelism is an ongoing issue in the world today, which can happen in many places. Through the concepts of stereotypes, social environment, pain, minority groups, health beliefs, people with disabilities are constantly being discriminated in the world which is a big problem looking at it from a sociological view. One of the biggest issues we have in the world is the i ssue of abelism in the workplace. Discrimination is the â€Å"unequal treatmentRead MoreEssay on Disability Discrimination Act1408 Words   |  6 PagesDisability Discrimination Act This act was passed in 1995. 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This is a surprisingly large number, however only about 6% of theRead MoreDisability Discrimination And Americans With Disability Act ( Ada )1983 Words   |  8 Pageshis/her disability in various areas of their lives. Today, discrimination against disability has become a complete law by which a person can sue the other party for being discriminated on any impairment. In the United States, the law is covered by Americans with Disability Act (ADA). The law prevents one party (specifically employers) to discriminate other party (particularly employees) on the basis of their p hysical impairments. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze disability discriminationRead MoreThe People With Disability Will Face Discrimination1347 Words   |  6 Pageswhether it is industry or business, the people with disability will face discrimination. Stereotypical thinking is that people with physical disability cannot do much of work. Even though in this digital and machine world where less physical work required, though the disabled persons find difficulties. Most questionable thing is that, physically disabled persons who are entrepreneurs, they run their own business but they initially had faced discrimination in the professional world even though they haveRead MoreHow Does The National Disability Discrimination Act Define A Disability?1094 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes the National Disability Discrimination Act define a disability? â€Å"The definition of disability’ used in the Act is broad. It includes physical, intellectual, psychiatric, sensory, neurological and learning disabilities. It also includes physical disfigurements and the presence of disease-causing organisms, such as the HIV virus. The Act covers disabilities that people have now, had in the past, may have in the future or which they are believed to have.† What types of disability are recognised

Trade vs. Protectionism Free Essays

string(45) " by imposing economic barriers and policies\." Arjan Chhatwal Poli 305/4 ID: 6178332 International Political Economy Prof. E. Bloodgood Trade vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade vs. Protectionism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Protectionism Trade between countries has been going on for centuries. Movement of goods and services began as a mean for nations to obtain what they couldn’t produce themselves. With the introduction of Ricardo’s â€Å"comparative advantage† – which illustrated how all countries that participate in trade benefit from it-, trade began to focus on what a country is better at producing a product or a service and which country can produce it at a lower cost. Nowadays, developed countries and international organization promote free trade, open borders, and liberalization of the market intensively. However, many of those core countries also practice protectionism in order to shield their industry from foreign competition. This poses a great problem to developing countries which are forced by core countries to practice free trade but would actually benefit from protectionist measures. In order to represent this situation, I will analyze the economic situation of two countries with very different economies: Pakistan, representing the developing countries and the United States, which represent the developed countries. I will compare their economic situation and policies under the Bush administration and Musharaf’s government. In this essay, I will demonstrate that our international economic system is very hypocritical in the sense that the countries that would benefit from and help other countries by practicing free trade are practicing protectionism, and those who would benefit from protectionism are forced to implement free trade policies. First, I will observe and describe those two main economic policies: protectionism and free trade. Then I will concentrate on the economic situation in Pakistan and the United States in order to illustrate what use countries are making of free trade and protectionism and, on the other hand, what face they are showing to the world. Free Trade: A Market Model of Deregulation Free trade is a market model which promotes trade liberalization by the reduction of trade barriers. This model was promoted by the economist David Ricardo in the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th century. He coined the â€Å"comparative advantage† theory. Comparative advantage† is a theory that promotes free trade by demonstrating how trade between countries benefits all parties because of the different opportunity costs. Every country can produce a good at a cheaper price than another country and has to focus on producing and exporting that particular good. If all countries do so and specialize in the production of the good that is cheaper to produce in their country, they can trade thos e products with each other at lower costs than if they produced all of the goods themselves. Practicing free trade means the abandonment of government restrictions in the flow of goods, workers and services across borders. Those restrictions include taxes, quotas, tariffs, and subsidies. This economic model is based on deregulation and on the elimination of binding rules on corporations. Free trade also prohibits government to give financial advantages to businesses through tax cuts in order to make them more competitive against foreign industries. This results in the elimination of monopolies and oligopolies in countries by allowing full competition. However, negative outcomes of economic deregulation includes less respect and commitment to health, labor, and environmental laws and can help multinationals outcompete smaller local industries. Another important aspect of the free trading model is the principle of Most Favored Nation which basically requires all members of trading agreements to treat other members equally. Nowadays, the biggest promoter of Free Trade is the World Trade Organization, which claims that removing trade barriers would lead to the end of poverty around the world. The WTO argues that in opposition to free trade, protectionism doesn’t help promoting economic expansion. Free trade policies, it is argued by the WTO and major developed countries, promote growth. The free trade model is used by the WTO to rescue developing countries and help them develop economically more efficiently. This means that in order to receive money from the WTO, developing countries are required to follow â€Å"adjustment policies†, also know as â€Å"structural adjustments†. Those policies all push towards economic liberalization. They include cutting back on social spending, devaluation of the currency, trade liberalization, removing price control and subsidies and privatization, better governance and elimination of corruption. The WTO argues that the benefits that the countries will get from free trade outweigh those costs, which include poverty and environmental costs just to name a few. The WTO actually admits that in the short-term, free trade will lead to inequalities but in the end, the wealth accumulated by the big businesses will trickle down and most people will benefit from the free trade model. However, as J. W. Smith argues: â€Å"That current free trade is just as unequal as the mercantilist trade it replaced is easily demonstrated. The structural adjustments imposed upon weak nations as necessary for free trade are the opposite policies under which every successful nation developed. That they developed under the philosophies of Adam Smith is a myth designed to hide a continuation of plunder through unequal trades. †[1] The paradox here is that, more and more, the developed countries who promote free trade actually practice protectionism. The problem is that free trade can only lead to fair trade if every country practices it, especially core countries that have the means to practice free trade. Nowadays, however, developed countries promote free trade and force developing countries to practice it but they themselves hypocritically practice protectionism. This penalizes poor countries who are not ready for the global market yet. It is also often noted that even if poor countries practice free trade, it won’t necessary lead to major successes. It obviously results in higher income but social inequalities remain in most cases. This can be called â€Å"Growth without social development†, and free trade is obviously not solving this tendency. Protectionism: A Regulatory Economic Policy Protectionism is an economic policy which restricts trade between countries by imposing economic barriers and policies. You read "Trade vs. Protectionism" in category "Papers" We usually tend to believe that protectionism is only a question of tariffs. However, government do have ccess to many other tools to protect their industries, including quotas, government regulations such as anti-dumping laws to protect domestic industries from competition of foreign enterprises, trade restrictions and exchange rate manipulation. Those policies make the production of goods cheaper for the industry that is granted the money or the preferential treatment. Domestic industries can therefore sell their product outside of the country for cheaper. In tha t perspective, pprotectionism is an isolationist doctrine which, some argue, leads to unfair competition. The main goal of protectionism is to handicap foreign industry. This economic model is associated with neo-mercantilism, which main objective is to maintain a positive trade balance. Protectionism is often practiced by countries that seem to be free-traders, such as the United States and the UK, in order to protect their favorite or influential industries. â€Å"Rich countries’ protectionism† includes subsidies to local industries such as agriculture and textiles. Core countries have the funds to practice that kind of protectionism while developing countries that would actually benefit from protectionism are asked to deregulate their economy. â€Å"UNCTAD estimated that rolling back [rich country] protectionism in this area could create additional export earnings of up to $700 billion for developing countries, to be realizable over a 10-year period. This is less than 5 per cent of the combined GDP of industrial countries, but could absorb an important part of unemployed labour in the South and generate a vent for surplus†[2]. It is often argued that developed countries are taking away from developing countries what helped them develop their own economy: protectionism policies. Protectionism is necessary to economic development in the sense that it helps build a strong foundation for a strong economy. Protectionism is essential for any developing countries to help their infant industries develop; become mature and competitive for the international market. It is hard for countries to enter market if they are forced to practice free trade; they may need help of protectionism policies in order to protect their infant new industries. The United States’ economy is a perfect example of what â€Å"rich countries’ protectionism† is. By examining its situation, it is easy to understand how developed countries show the face of a free trading nation but practice protectionism interiorly. The United States: The Face of a Free Trading Nation? The United States have always been a model of a Free Trade economy and have always promoted economic liberalization all around the world. When we observe the country’s practices and economic policies from the outside, it is clear that the USA is a firm believer in free trade. Indeed, the country is involved in many free trade agreements all around the world. Those include Free Trade agreements with Australia (2004), CAFTA-DR (2005), with numerous Latin American countries such as Chile (2004) and Columbia (2006), without forgetting NAFTA (1994). United States take great pride in its participation in international trade and promoting free trade between countries. Presently, international trade is primordial to the economy of the country and accounts for around a quarter of the USA’s GDP as it was mentioned by the Conference on a New Architecture for the U. S. National Accounts in 2004. Governmental economists all agree that Free trade agreements are necessary in order to promote rapid economic growth by increasing competition, cooperation between countries, and specialization. The United States follows Germany as the second most economically open country in the world. Inside a Free Trading Nation: A Hidden Protectionist Economy The United States takes good pride in proclaiming themselves as a non-discriminatory economy and a promoter of open global markets. While USA gives the image to the world of being a pure liberal economy, the country practices protectionism regularly, which shocks many trading partners and developing countries. This can be called the problem of the â€Å"Double Standard†. Rich countries promote the free trade ideology but in practice, they protect their own industry. This situation of double standard and of the USA promoting free trade but practicing protectionism was explained by the eleventh president of the World Bank, Robert Zoellick: â€Å"In order to promote free trade, the US has to manage the home front and the international front. And on the home front the only way that we can continue to get support from the American people for open markets and trade is to use our domestic and international laws to the fullest. †[3] For a society that calls itself a free-trading one, it is quite ironical and even hypocrite that, in 2002, Bush announced the imposition of new tariffs on several influential industries such as the steel industry and the agricultural sector. While developing countries, in order to please foreign investors and international economic agencies, keep on lowering their trade barriers, the USA has, over the last two years, increased its subsidies to farmers, raised tariffs on steel imports, and still hasn’t agreed to sign the WTO agreement to the patent rights of its pharmaceutical companies. Since the election of George W. Bush, the economy of the United States has proven to be quite protectionist: â€Å"The steel tariff and the farm bill attracted the most attention, but they are part of a broader picture that includes the punitive (and almost completely unjustified) tariff on Canadian softwood lumber and the revocation of Caribbean trade privileges. When it comes to free trade, the Bush administration is all for it — unless there is some political cost, however small, to honoring its alleged principles†[4] Let us examine more in details the three most important policies of the last decade that can help us understand how the United States is giving an image of a free-trade economy but is actually practicing protectionism. The first and very striking example of this protectionism is the Bush administration deciding to protect its steel industry which has been facing very important economic problems because of the European Union competition. The second example would be the case of the automobile industry. The Japanese automobile industry has always been a strong competitor for the USA industry. This is why the United States imposed, from â€Å"In May 1981, with the American auto industry mired in recession, Japanese car makers agreed to limit exports of passenger cars to the United States. This â€Å"voluntary export restraint† (VER) program, initially supported by the Reagan administration, allowed only 1. 68 million Japanese cars into the U. S. each year. The cap was raised to 1. 85 million cars in 1984, and to 2. 30 million in 1985, before the program was terminated in 1994. †[5] The Farm Bill of 2002 also reflects very well the protectionist tendencies of the country. This Bill distributed more than $190 billion to USA farmers and agriculture businesses around the country, and this over the next 10 years. This Bill was passed in order to help the agricultural sector overcome the difficulties it faced due to international competition. Those subsidies will make it harder for foreign producers to compete against the agricultural industry: â€Å"Third World producers will find it harder to sell to the US market and, since the USA exports 25 per cent of its farm production, they will find it harder to sell in other international markets or to resist competition from US products in their home markets. The disposal of increased US surpluses as ‘food aid’ is likely to compound the loss of livelihoods. †[6] While rich countries such as the United States can afford to practice protectionism, developing nations are forced to open their economy to free trade. Pakistan, the second country we will analyze in this essay is the perfect example of a country that would benefit from protectionism policies but is forced to liberalize their economy in order to receive funds from the WTO. The United States and Pakistan have been interacting on the international scene since the late 1950s, soon after Pakistan’s independence. This relationship has been successful but has also suffered from intermittent political conflicts, which reflects pretty well the complexity of the geopolitics of South East Asian region. After the events of September 11, Pakistan and the United States became even closer than before because the Bush administration relied on the help of Musharraf’s military dictatorship to eliminate terrorism in the region, mainly in Afghanistan which has a common border with Pakistan. The main difference between the United States during its early stage of development (1880s) and Pakistan’s development phase (late 1990s, 21st century) is that the United States weren’t dominated and repressed economically by major powers and international trade organization such as the IMF and the WTO, imposing economic liberalization and tariff limits on them. The United States weren’t subject to neo-colonialism like Pakistan is today. Protectionism in Pakistan: A Focus on the Textile Industry South Asia has long been seen as one of the most protectionist region in the world. As the World Bank states in the calculations of the GDP growth rates in the World Development Indicators, trade within the region accounts for less than 2% of the GDP which is minimal compared to 20% in East Asia. The region lacks diversity within the market and the products that are traded. In addition, most countries of the region, including Pakistan, still used up until recently import-substitution policies which limited trade possibilities within the region and outside the region. Trade was also hampered by political tensions, especially between India and Pakistan. Protectionism is Pakistan is mostly directed towards one of the most important industry in the country: the textile industry which accounts for more than 60% of the country’s exports. Pakistan under Musharraf saw the introduction of few protectionist policies concentrated towards this influential industry. In the policy speech of 2005-2006, the Minister of Commerce announced that all textile exporters that would â€Å"register their products with Pakistani Trade marks in foreign countries for export purposes will be provided subsidy equal to 50% of official fees of such registrations. [7]. Support to this important industry was instituted to help local businesses improve the quality of their product and compete against foreign industries in order to increase the Pakistanis textile industry’s market share. This protectionist policy was put in practice to reassure the industry, which was afraid after the quota restrictions were removed in 2005. It was also introduced to protect the industry from potential job losses and the loss of potential export if the textile industry wouldn’t reinvent itself. The 2005-2006 trade policy speech focused on alleviating costs for Pakistanis businesses in order to make the local industries more competitive on the international scene. Protectionism can also be practiced in the form of tax exemption for local industries. Musharaf’s government in the Federal Budget of 2005-2006 granted tax cuts to prominent industries in the country, including textile industry, sports goods, carpet industry, leather, and surgical instruments. In addition, the imports of necessary materials for these industries are also exempted from duties. Pakistan’s Economy: A Forced Free Trading nation Trade liberalization in Pakistan began in the late 1980s and developed even more during the 1990s under Musharraf’s military government. Today, Pakistan is part of various trade agreements, all leading to economic liberalization. Those include the Pakistan-Malaysia Free Trade Agreement, Pakistan-China Free Trade Agreement, Pakistan-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement, Pakistan-Malaysia Early Harvest Program, Pakistan-China Early Harvest Program and Pakistan-Iran agreement. When I briefly presented free trade, I mentioned the â€Å"growth without development† problem that developing countries face nowadays. This is a tendency to grow economically but without promoting social development. It is the result of free trade and is perfectly well illustrated by Pakistan’s situation. The more recent budget of Pakistan is mirrors this tendency, by showing commitment to neo-liberal policies, IMF led-policies. The budget focuses on pleasing the developed countries and on macro-economics rather than on developing the country itself. The budget focuses on the military which accounts for 20% and repaying the debt, 31%. Trade liberalization has been, since Musharraf’s entry in power, another priority within the budget. As the World Bank argues, liberalizing the Pakistanis economy would lead to an increase of 8$ billion if trade barriers were lifted. â€Å"Annual trade between India and Pakistan, the bulk of which is routed through Dubai, is currently estimated at US$1 billion, but could be as great as US$9 billion if barriers are lifted. †[8] In 1999, the Asian Development Bank granted a 300$ million loan to support the Government’s Trade, Export Promotion and Industry (TEPI) Program. This program was approved by the ADB, the World Bank and the IMF because it was based on liberalization of trade in Pakistan. TEPI is based on the elimination of nontariff barriers and on the increased access for exporters to the Pakistani market. This program was basically created to end import substitution policies and promote exports by giving as many advantages to local industries as to foreign companies. This program focuses on the privatization of industries and meets all criteria stated by the World Bank concerning quotas, subsidies, and customs. This facilitates foreign investors and promotes economic growth, proven by the fact that â€Å"After more than three decades of near stagnation in per-capita incomes during 1950–80, South Asia showed signs of growth beginning in the 1980s that accelerated in the 1990s and beyond. †[9] Pakistan’s economy used to be based on import substitution and was very little diversified. Taking into consideration those obstacles to trade, the Pakistani ministry of Commerce instituted a program based on diversification of exports and market opening for an increased access to facilitate trade. Pakistani economy has continuously followed WTO required adjustment of liberalization in order to remove trade barriers and obstacles to import. Following the WTO rhetoric, the government argues in favor of opening the market because in order to increase its exports, the country has to encourage imports as well as stated in the trade policy speech of 2005-2006: â€Å"It must be realized that no country has been able to enhance its exports significantly without liberalizing its import regime. †[10] Following this path, exports did increase consistently as well as imports which reached $20. 23 billion at the end of last year according to that same Trade Policy Speech. The irony that we face after having analyzed the economic situation of both countries is that the now-developed countries benefited during their development from an active state that helped them build their industries and protect. As the 1995 OECD Report showed, developed countries achieved growth starting in the 1 950s under very protectionist states. â€Å"The unprecedented growth in per capita income in several developed countries during the period 1950-1973, was also achieved under activist states. When they followed the ‘bad’ policies of establishing full welfare states with stricter financial market regulations, corporatist wage bargaining institutions, investment co-ordination and in some cases nationalized industries, even the now developed countries saw an exponential increase in their own growth. †[11] However, countries that wish to develop nowadays are required not only to practice free trade but not to use protectionism policies. This is unfair in the sense that they have to develop in an environment that doesn’t promote or help their growth. Developing countries would benefit and even need higher tariffs and trade barriers in order to protect their industry from the more and more competitive and aggressive trading environment. This current tendency is referred to as â€Å"kicking away the ladder†. Core countries act the way they do to ensure their domination over developing nations and keep the poor countries in a vicious circle, as they remain dependant on export of primary and raw materials, not being able to move up the trade ladder. This harms developing countries that struggle in this free trade world economy. In addition, imposing free trade on developing nations actually illustrates the focus of the WTO on short-term benefits and forgetting about the importance of long-term goals such as deepening the industrialization of the periphery countries. The imposed policies of the WTO prevent the developing countries of using protectionist policies to help their industries develop. Several experiences have already proven that the pressures to liberalize countries’ economy can do more harm than good to new economies. Nonetheless, the WTO continues to force developing countries to open their market and reduce their trade barriers. Liberalization and free trade, although they have great outcomes for developed countries, also lead to greater inequality between the core and the periphery. â€Å"According to one estimate, the Uruguay Round’s combined liberalization increased global economic welfare by $75 billion, of which almost $70 billion went to developed countries, $5 billion to Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs; Korea, Singapore and Taiwan), and none to developing countries taken together. [12]. Even with such numbers, developing countries are still forced to join the free trade movement and the WTO and developed countries continue to promote the benefits of free trading. Today, while the IMF and the WTO force developing countries around the world to practice free trade by reducing trade barriers, Pakistan included, the USA keeps on to implementing protectionist policies in order to s ave industries in danger or suffering from temporary discomfort. This leads to a greater gap between the productivity of developed and developing countries. The factor that is important to note here is that today’s developed countries once protected their industries behind protectionist policies, but are now promoting free trade in countries that are trying, just like they did, to succeed economically. The developed countries of today reached their economic prosperity through protectionism economic policies, and then started practicing free trade. This irony now rules international trade. It is clear that there is a problem concerning trade between countries in the sense that there is an inequality in the terms of trade imposed on developed countries and developing countries. Free trade can only lead to prosperity if all countries benefit from equal treatment. Even then however free trade can lead to economic prosperity but won’t necessarily lead to social development, which is what developing countries need the most. How to cite Trade vs. Protectionism, Papers